什么是特種鋼化玻璃？

玻璃就是分為特種鋼化玻璃和普通玻璃這兩種，那么什么是特種玻璃，接(jie)下就來說一下，特種(zhong)(zhong)鋼(gang)化玻(bo)璃(li)是指應(ying)用在近代特殊技術上的玻(bo)璃(li)。它的品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)很多(duo)，應(ying)用范圍也(ye)日(ri)益廣泛(fan)。這里簡略地(di)介紹(shao)幾種(zhong)(zhong)特種(zhong)(zhong)玻(bo)璃(li)的制造(zao)原(yuan)理和性能。 

（1）防(fang)護(hu)(hu)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 防(fang)護(hu)(hu)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)指(zhi)防(fang)X射(she)(she)線(xian)或(huo)γ射(she)(she)線(xian)或(huo)防(fang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。由(you)(you)于(yu)物質對放射(she)(she)性(xing)輻射(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸收能(neng)力隨其含(han)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)元(yuan)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)序數的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)大而提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)，所以(yi)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)都(dou)含(han)有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重金(jin)屬(shu)氧化(hua)(hua)物。例(li)如防(fang)X射(she)(she)線(xian)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)含(han)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)PbO、BaO等(deng)(deng)(deng)，防(fang)γ射(she)(she)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)含(han)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)PbO、WO3、Bi2O3等(deng)(deng)(deng)。由(you)(you)于(yu)γ射(she)(she)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穿透能(neng)力較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)X射(she)(she)線(xian)強(qiang)得多，所以(yi)γ射(she)(she)線(xian)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)重和(he)鉛(qian)(qian)當量(liang)(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)X射(she)(she)線(xian)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)高(gao)(gao)(gao)得多。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)有(you)(you)(you)熱(re)(re)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、慢中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)快(kuai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)三種。所謂防(fang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)系指(zhi)熱(re)(re)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)慢中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)而言。由(you)(you)于(yu)很(hen)多材(cai)料對快(kuai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸收效果都(dou)不很(hen)理想，因此快(kuai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)慢化(hua)(hua)（用(yong)重水或(huo)輕金(jin)屬(shu)將快(kuai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)慢化(hua)(hua)）以(yi)后，再被吸收。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)吸中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)B2O3、CdO等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 以(yi)上三種玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)于(yu)它的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)含(han)有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)多量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重金(jin)屬(shu)氧化(hua)(hua)物，因此玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)顏(yan)色(se)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)深，透光(guang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)降(jiang)(jiang)低。玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)比(bi)(bi)重越大，重金(jin)屬(shu)氧化(hua)(hua)物含(han)量(liang)(liang)(liang)越高(gao)(gao)(gao)，則玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)著(zhu)色(se)越深，對透光(guang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)影響越大。所以(yi)防(fang)γ射(she)(she)線(xian)、防(fang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)要(yao)求(qiu)它無色(se)透明，可(ke)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)制造工藝上要(yao)達(da)到高(gao)(gao)(gao)透明度(du)(du)(du)(du)是(shi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)困難(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。但從(cong)原子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)反(fan)應(ying)堆窺視窗的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)出發(fa)，總(zong)希望它透明度(du)(du)(du)(du)高(gao)(gao)(gao)一(yi)(yi)點(dian)。實際上這(zhe)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)對矛(mao)盾。 鉛(qian)(qian)當量(liang)(liang)(liang)是(shi)指(zhi)單位厚(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，在(zai)(zai)吸收X射(she)(she)線(xian)或(huo)γ射(she)(she)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力方(fang)面相(xiang)當于(yu)多少厚(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)板。即 鉛(qian)(qian)當量(liang)(liang)(liang)=鉛(qian)(qian)板厚(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du)/玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)厚(hou)度(du)(du)(du)(du) 一(yi)(yi)般(ban)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)受γ射(she)(she)線(xian)輻照(zhao)后，玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)著(zhu)色(se)，透光(guang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)顯(xian)著(zhu)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)。著(zhu)色(se)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)跟(gen)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組成和(he)結(jie)構有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)，也(ye)跟(gen)輻照(zhao)劑量(liang)(liang)(liang)有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)。玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)種特性(xing)，叫做輻照(zhao)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)鉛(qian)(qian)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輻照(zhao)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)差，輻照(zhao)著(zhu)色(se)效應(ying)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)明顯(xian)。但輻照(zhao)停止后，放置一(yi)(yi)段時間，顏(yan)色(se)可(ke)以(yi)逐漸消退。如將玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)加熱(re)(re)處理，則褪色(se)作用(yong)進行很(hen)快(kuai)，玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)仍(reng)可(ke)重復使用(yong)。另外，為了提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輻照(zhao)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)，可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)引入少量(liang)(liang)(liang)CeO2，這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)璃(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)受輻照(zhao)后，透光(guang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小。